British Civil Liberties - Free Essay Example

Because British civil liberties are based on common law, rather than in formal legislation, in times of perceived crisis the Parliament can enact emergency legislation powers as it deems necessary, without being constrained legally or constitutionally. Legislatively, Northern Ireland has been in a state of emergency since its formation. A year after partition, Parliament passed the Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act of 1922. This and subsequent emergency legislation were succeeded by the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Acts of 1973, 1978 and 1987, and the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Acts of 1974 and 1989. Michael Freeman relates the introduction of emergency powers legislation to four phases in British counter-terrorism efforts in Northern Ireland: internment without trial, Diplock courts, criminalization and the super-grass system (Freeman, 2003). The policies associated with each essentially extended a de facto separate legal system created for dealing with individuals accused of terrorist offenses. Internment without Trial Internment without trial, authorized by the Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act of 1922, had been used effectively in Northern Ireland by the British in dealing with internal security threats in 1922-26 following the partition and the Irish Civil War, 1939-44 during World War II, and 1956-62 during IRA’s Border Campaign. In each of these cases it was applied almost exclusively against Catholics. Tactically, internment was ineffectual in diminishing IRA activity. As quickly as suspected IRA members were taken off the street, additional volunteers took their places. Indeed, shortly after the introduction of internment, Republican News carried an article in which the Provisionals gloated over this fact: ‘The Republican movement in Belfast extends to her Majesty’s forces their heartfelt thanks for the magnificent recruiting drive that they have held on our behalf’ (9 October 1971). Politically, internment was a disaster for the British and a blessing to the republican movement. Because of the perceived sectarian nature of internment, it further alienated the entire nationalist community from the state and its security forces, and in the process garnered support in Catholic neighborhoods for the IRA. As Ó Dochartaigh notes, â€Å"The comprehensive alienation of huge sections of the Catholic community from the state had the effect of transforming the Republican movement from a small, marginal and conspiratorial group of individuals†¦into a major force within the Catholic community†. Its indirect effects were also far-reaching. It was in the context of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march against internment on Sunday 30 January 1972 that British troops killed over a dozen unarmed demonstrators, and it became known as Bloody Sunday. Because of Bloody Sunday, the IRA’s ranks swelled with willing volunteers, some of them reasoning â€Å"you were going to be shot anyway so you might as well be shot for something as for nothin g† (Ó Dochartaigh, 2005). Although the military operations that resulted in the tragedy of Bloody Sunday were not a counter-terrorism operations per se, they resulted from a chain of causations extending back to military enforcement on internment without trial in using troops that have been trained to kill enemy combatants in civilian settings. Diplock Courts In light of the deteriorating security situation following Bloody Sunday, Parliament commissioned Lord William Diplock to issue recommendations concerning more effective ways of combating IRA terrorism. Aware that Protestant and Catholic juries were prone to render sectarian verdicts, and that ordinary jurors were vulnerable to intimidation by paramilitaries, he recommended that trial by jury be suspended in favor of hearings before a tribunal of judges. This recommendation was formalized in the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act of 1973, which also granted the security forces wide powers of arrest and detention. Individuals could be arrested even when no specific crime was suspected, and could be held for extended periods of time for in-depth interrogation. The prosecution could give as evidence any statement made by the accused while in detention, an apparent necessity in a context in which witnesses might be reluctant to testify in court, but also a policy that seemed tai lor-made for widespread abuse by the security forces. Complaints that confessions were obtained through the use of torture were common and often corroborated by compelling evidence. Criminalisation In June 1972 the British government introduced special category status for paramilitary prisoners, thereby acknowledging the political nature of their offenses. Such prisoners were permitted to wear their own clothes, to associate with other prisoners and were exempt from the work required of prisoners incarcerated for criminal offenses. In March 1976 their special category status was withdrawn as the British government introduced its related policies of ‘Ulsterisation’ and ‘criminalization’. Ulsterisation meant giving the locally recruited RUC (Royal Ulster Constabulary) the day-to-day responsibility for security in Northern Ireland. This amounted to an important shift in counter-terrorism strategy. With the introduction of Ulsterisation the conflict would be conceptualized as an internal security problem to be dealt with by law enforcement agencies. The RUC was given additional men and equipment, whereas the army was relegated to its original role of merel y assisting the civil authorities. Criminalization meant ending special category status for paramilitary prisoners. Henceforth they would be treated as ordinary criminals. As Margaret Thatcher later explained, ‘We are not prepared to consider special category status for certain groups of people serving sentences for crime. Crime is crime is crime. It is not political, it is crime.’ To the extent that paramilitary prisoners were incarcerated for their violent deeds rather than for their political beliefs, she had a point. But her insistence that ‘there is no such thing as political murder, political bombing or political violence. There is only criminal murder, criminal bombing and criminal violence’ conveniently overlooked the fact that the hunger strikers had been convicted under legislation stemming from the Prevention of Terrorism Act (1974) that had defined terrorism as ‘the use of violence for political ends’ (Neumann, 2003). In addition, it was in response to the withdrawal of special category status that the blanket protest, dirty protest and hunger strikes were undertaken by republican prisoners in the first place, suggesting that much republican paramilitary violence was indeed politically motivated. Supergrass Trials By the early 1980s, nationalist outrage, following negative publicity connected with the interrogation procedures used on suspected terrorists, convinced British authorities of the need for a different method of obtaining convictions. If confessions from suspected terrorists could not be obtained through coercive means, then security forces would find other suspects who would implicate their former associates in exchange for reduced prison sentences or immunity from prosecution. Beginning in 1981, British authorities staged ‘super-grass’ trials in Diplock courts. ‘Grasshopper’ was British slang for an informer, and a particularly well-placed informer was a ‘super-grass’. In 1981, super-grass Christopher Black gave statements which led to thirty-eight arrests. Based on his testimony, twenty-two members of the Provisional IRA were convicted and sentenced. The last super-grass trial concluded in December 1985. By the time it ended, some 500 persons had been charged on the word of twenty-seven super-grasses (Bonner 1988). Because many of the informers were of questionable credibility, super-grass trials turned out to have questionable judicial value. Of the 217 defendants in the first ten super-grass trials, 120 were found guilty. Of these, sixty-seven convictions were overturned on appeal. Although in the short-term they succeeded in taking suspected terrorists out of circulation, they also had the long-term effect of further eroding confidence in the judicial system among ordinary citizens.

On This Rock, I Will Build My Church - 2272 Words

Title: On this rock, I will build my church Verse: Matthew 16:13-20 13 When Jesus came to the region of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, Who do people say the Son of Man is? 14 They replied, Some say John the Baptist; others say Elijah; and still others, Jeremiah or one of the prophets. 15 But what about you? he asked. Who do you say I am? 16 Simon Peter answered, You are the Christ, the Son of the living God. 17 Jesus replied, Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah, for this was not revealed to you by man, but by my Father in heaven. 18 And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it. 19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever†¦show more content†¦A lot of people think it is a full name, with Christ as a last name. However, this is not true. Jesus Christ is the shortest way of confessing our faith, saying that Jesus is our Christ. Two thousand years ago, there was a great distance between the words Jesus and Christ. It was difficult for the disciples of Jesus to confess that he is their Christ. For two thousand years, the Jews waited for their messiah. However, the Jews did not accept Jesus. The Jews thought that the Christ would have to come from a cloud in heaven. They thought that he would come in majesty and dignity, which is why they could not accept someone so weak. How did Jesus come onto earth? Jesus was born in a manger in the pen of a horse. So to accept this sort of Jesus who was born in such a low manner required great faith. In those days when nobody accepted Jesus as Christ, Peter confesses that Jesus is Christ. This is why this scene is so great and amazing, where Jesus is finally being confessed to as Christ. Also, this is a scene where after Peter confessed that Jesus was Christ, he received great blessings.This scene should not just be one that occurred two thousand years ago. This is a scen e that should be relived by us. Matthew 16:13 13 When Jesus came to the region of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, Who do people say the Son of Man is? Jesus asks here who other people say he is. Jesus asks how he is looked upon with the eyes of others. This

The Debate Over Capital Punishment - 936 Words

The debate over capital punishment is in regards to whether the death penalty contradicts the Eighth Amendment. If the death penalty does contradict the Eight Amendment, then the State should not have the power to sentence criminals to death for capital crimes. However, if capital punishment is not against the Eighth Amendment, then the State has the right to sentence criminals to death. In this essay I will first summarize Justice Brennan’s argument on why the death penalty is beyond the power of the State to inflict. Then, I will explain and discuss each of Brennan’s premises. Finally, I will analyze each of Brennan’s faulty premises. If I can successfully prove that one of his premises is false, it will prove that his argument is unsound. Although Brennan’s conclusion follows with necessity from his premises, making his argument valid, his argument is unsound because his third premise is false. Below is Brennan’s argument in standard form: 1. If the death penalty is a severe and degrading punishment, is inflicted arbitrarily, is rejected by almost everyone is society, and is not more effective as any lesser punishment, then the death penalty is against the Eighth Amendment. 2. If the death penalty is against the Eighth Amendment, then the death penalty is beyond the power of the State to inflict. 3. The death penalty is a severe and degrading punishment, is inflicted arbitrarily, is rejected by almost everyone is society, and is not more effective than as any lesserShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Capital Punishment1183 Words   |  5 Pagesmorally just and constitutional. Those thinking it is cruel want capital punishment abolished. The others want to see it revised and maintained. Capital punishment is being sentenced to death and executed for committing various crimes. Usually, it is reserved for convicted murder cases, but had been used for others such as: armed robbery, kidnapping, rape, and treason. Only about sixty countries still use capital punishment – the United States included. Canada, Australia, and most EuropeanRead MoreThe Debate Over Capital Punishment1599 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Capital Punishment is a sure punishment. Sure punishment in the sense that the convicted never commits another crime, namely a homicide, again. People that oppose it support the argument that as human beings we shouldn’t take the responsibility of judging who should and shouldn’t die. That argument is backed by moral reasons, whether they are religious or simply ethical beliefs. Another argument against it is the fact that an offender facing the death penalty does not deter themRead MoreThe Debate over Capital Punishment Essay1025 Words   |  5 PagesThe Debate over Capital Punishment South Carolina, January 15, 1993. After wounding an Orangeburg, S.C. police officer with a misfired bullet, Thomas Treshawn Ivey, an Alabama prison escapee, proceeded to fired five more shots into the police officer from a handgun at close range after the wounded police office had reached for his gun. Ivey fled the scene but was quickly apprehended. This scenario is not to different from the horrible acts of violence that lead an offender to death row whereRead MoreThe Debate over Capital Punishment Essays2057 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Death penalty or capital punishment is an issue which is quiet debatable. It is an issue that has divided the world socially and morally. There are both supporters as well as people who are against it. Due to human rights communities and lawmaker’s struggle much debate has been done on this issue. Capital punishment laws have been removed from most of the countries including Europe. However death penalty is legal in countries including some states of USA, China and also Arab countriesRead MoreEssay about The Debate Over Capital Punishment1141 Words   |  5 Pages The debate over capital punishment has been raging on for countless number of years. Capital punishment has been used for thousands of years due to the physiological fear it inflicts on the people who witness and learn about the death penalty. The use of this punishment has helped to reduce crime and alter the minds of future criminals to deter them against committing heinous crimes such as murder, treason, espiona ge, terrorism and in some cases aggravated kidnapping. Advocates say it deters crimeRead MoreCapital Punishment Essay667 Words   |  3 PagesAdvent Catholic Encyclopedia, Capital Punishment is the infliction by due legal process of the penalty of death as a punishment for crime. Capital Punishment, also known as, the Death Penalty has been around for centuries. The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes (www.deathpenaltyinfo.org). Not only is Capital Punishment ancient, it is highly controversialRead MoreIs Capital Punishment Ever Justified?844 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment, better known as the death penalty, is the act of killing or executing a person who was found guilty of a serious crime, by the government. Capital punishment became widespread during the Middle Ages and was applied throughout Western Europe for more than t wo thousand years. Although, the call to abolish it started in the 18th century, some of the first countries being Venezuela in 1863, San Marino in 1865, and Costa Rica in 1877. Great Britain abolished the death penalty in 1965Read MoreDeath Penalty On Violent Criminals1520 Words   |  7 PagesBrandon Bechtel Miller English 1301 B5 28 November 2015 Death Penalty on Violent Criminals The Death penalty, known as capital punishment is when a criminal is executed by a governing authority. We (the United States) continue to allow the death penalty. Many countries make the death penalty illegal. Many discussions over this being legal, moral ethical, and economic ramifications of the death penalty are continuous across the world. Most of the nations have at one time made the death penaltyRead MoreCapital Punishment : An Effective Tool1493 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment has been a subject of public debate, since the time the practice of the death penalty was implemented into the legal system. With the number of historical occurrences, it was widely acknowledged that the administration of capital punishment remains to be an imperfect embodiment of governmental power. Many studies in the context of criminological analysis have provided statistics, although inconclusive, regarding capital punishment as an effective tool in terms of deterrence. ItRead MoreCapi tal Punishment : A Form Of Legal Punishment Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment implies that the criminal is sentenced to death as a punishment for their crimes. Prima facie, it appears to be the most just punishment and solution to crimes that demand such severity of punishment in proportion to the offense. However, the reason why it is a moot point and a debatable issue is because ethicists see both sides of the story and there are numerous ethical issues involved with institutionalizing capital punishment. To understand the debate on capital punishment

Constantines Influence to Christianity Essay - 2517 Words

The history of religion continues to play an important role in defining why certain aspects of religion are the way they are today. Understanding religion’s history can also help one appreciate the importance, value, and determination that certain individuals went through in order for that particular religion to gain freedom and acceptance in society. Throughout history, Christianity has shown exactly this. By learning about its history, one can gain an understanding of how it emerged into being one of the most popular religions in the world. Furthermore, better understanding of the religion, both historically and contemporarily, can help dispel any negative preconceived notions about Christianity. In the first three centuries after†¦show more content†¦Constantine’s strong army defeated Maxentius, which lead to the end of the battle. Constantine could now enter Rome in triumph and success. Constantine’s success at the Milvian Bridge was definitely a battle that deserves praise because of his great military operation. Nevertheless, his motivation for fighting was something that must be taking into consideration. It is commonly stated and believed that on the evening of October 27th, while preparing for battle, Constantine had a vision, which let him fight under the protection of the Christian God. Eusebius stated, â€Å"About the tie of the midday sun, when day was just turning, he said he saw with his own eyes, up in the sky and resting over the sun, a cross-shaped trophy formed from light†¦which said, â€Å"By the conquer.† †¦use this as a protection against the attacks of the enemy.† The vision, however, differs between the sources reporting it. Lactantius stated that Constantine did not have a direct vision in the sky, rather he simply had a dream. Needless to say, whatever story of the vision may or may not be true, this battle had shown his confidence in mens divina (divine mind), because it was there that Constantine became a supporter of Christianity. In 313, Constantine declared that Christians should be able to have the freedom and worship whomever they desire in peace. This was stated in The Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine and Licinius, which proclaimed the religious toleration andShow MoreRelatedConstantine the Ruler of the Roman Empire1626 Words   |  7 Pagesgained much respect and admiration among the Romans as a fair ruler. He emerged as a ruler who supported Christianity and then became popular as a Christian ruler himself. His reign and victory over the Roman Empire is a significant event in the history of Christian religion. With the Edic t of Milan in 313 Christianity was recognized as a religion, and the followers were free to practice Christianity without fear. It has been argued that Constantine failed to treat different religions equally as paganismRead MoreConstantine And Christianity Of The Roman Empire1350 Words   |  6 PagesConstantine and Christianity in the Roman Empire Religion has always been an important force in the lives of common people. In the early centuries, Christianity was developing with a great influence to affect the Roman world. Constantine came to power in the Western provinces of the Roman Empire as an advocate of religious toleration. Constantine’s advocacy for religious toleration alongside his conversion marked a turning point of the Roman world and drove the spread Christianity. With Diocletian’sRead MoreConstantine The Great And Flavius Valerius Constantinus1114 Words   |  5 Pagesbecoming known as Constantius Chlorus, granted 3 years of peaceful rule due to the treachery of the previous ruler of Roman Britain. The key influences for Constantine are firstly his father. Having been able to watch the ascendancy of his father to Emperor, and follow in his footsteps to become Emperor of Rome himself - it is clearly evident that Constantine’s father was a great role model. Constantine also found himself under the tutelage of Diocletian after his father took him to the East EmpireRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1224 Words   |  5 Pagesthe lives of common people. In the early centuries, Christianity was developing with a great influence to affect the Roman world. Constantine came to power in the Western provinces of the Roman Empire as an advocate of religious toleration. Constantine’s advocacy for religious toleration alongside his conversion marks a turning point of the Roman world and drives the spread Christianity. With Diocletian’s abdication in 305 A.D., Constantine’s troops acclaimed him as Caesar. The age of persecutionRead MoreThe Battle Of Milvian Bridge1600 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the Christian god and Christianity, and instructed him to have his soldiers put the cross symbol on their shield, on the promise that he will win the battle at Milvian Bridge if he does so. Constantine did what Jesus Christ instructed him to do the next day, and he ultimately defeated Maxentius, becoming the next Roman emperor. However, the reason for Constantine’s victory over Maxentius is due to some circumstances that went in Constantine’s favor. And Constantine’s victory in the Battle of MilvianRead MoreThe Legacy Of Constantine The Great1471 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Edict of Milan. Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 during a time when persecution gave way to religious tolerance. By the end of the century, Christianity became an official credo and the empero r would enforce its doctrines. 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Secular leaders held him as a paragon of virtue and invoked as a symbol of imperialRead MoreConstantine: Gods Gift to Christianity1168 Words   |  5 Pagesworld for their faith during varying periods of time since the birth of the religion. Even today there are stories of Christians being killed or beaten severely at the hands of Hindu extremists in India or in places like China and North Korea. Yet Christianity thrives as the world’s largest religion. Persecution of Christians was especially brutal and widespread during the fourth century in the Roman Empire. Christians were tortured until they denied Christ or killed if they refused, their possessionsRead MoreAlexander The Great Of The Classical Greek Culture Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagescontacts would later influence many of the decisions that would alter West ern Civilization. Diocletian, however, persecuted the Christians, and these actions would have an impact later in Constantine’s life. At the age of thirty, after many campaigns, Constantine decided to make his home in York, England, where he father lived and ruled. Upon his father’s death, Constantine earned the title of Augustus. Like his two predecessors who influenced Western Civilization, Constantine’s strong military backgroundRead MoreThe Embracing of Christianity in Roman Society924 Words   |  4 PagesChristianity being embraced to the Roman society was not a small feat. During this time Christians were heavily persecuted and often put to death. Christianity was considered prohibited cult and following this religion was a capital offence. The polytheistic Romans were extremely tolerant of other religions They allowed the worship of native gods and goddesses throughout their provinces and even adopted some of the deities. (Duiker) As long as the religious practices did not affect the order

The s Argument That The Holocaust Is Only Available...

Miller, like Glowacka, understands that literature, even fiction, transmits ideas and emotions to the reader which are central to comprehending and learning from traumatic experiences. Miller references Susan Suleiman’s argument that the Holocaust is â€Å"only available through representation†. Suleiman made this argument in response to Holocaust deniers who claim that fictitious memoirs confirm the inexistence of the Holocaust. However, the point supports the idea that art, including literature, allows the public to experience something like the Holocaust that otherwise would be not be available to experience. On the other hand, Miller successfully argues that fake memoirs are meant to â€Å"highlight the problematic nature of authenticity† and capitalism has changed the idea of what we think is real and what is not. By citing Baudrillard, Miller states that our idea of real is only a series of representations that we think are real. In fact, all our ideas of reality are fabrications because memory is not factual. The discovery of these fake memoirs can cause society to realize that all memoirs are, in fact, fabrications. With that in mind, this article contradicts the idea that the public can understand trauma through experiencing art. Overall, â€Å"Stylised Configurations of Trauma† contributes to the art, trauma, and memory theme through proving that the study of fraudulent memoirs can help explain â€Å"the strange expectation that literature is able to provide access to somethingShow MoreRelated`` Lady Lazarus `` By Sylvia Plath1491 Words   |  6 Pagessense of re pulsion and dread that only work to add to the general tone of the poem. Additionally, the idea of a top 40 artist using holocaustic imagery to pontificate about how sad they were about the on goings at the club feels quite absurd, not to mention inevitable outrage of social justice warriors for the use of holocaust imagery in the first place. â€Å"Lady Lazarus† made me uncomfortable. It did so, because out of all of media that my generation has available to us, this poem is one of the mostRead MoreHow Do Documentaries Produce ‘Truth Effects’? Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagessquabble on the amount of misrepresentation which is often adopted by media as a means to project baseless arguments which lead to severe impact on the minds, especially those who are unlearned and uneducated. In today’s burgeoning era, the role of media still remains a largely disputed topic but fragmentation of media has become a broadly accepted and also, widely noticed phenomenon. Not only have new media vehicles emerged but also newer forms of media are often depicted in order to creatively conveyRead MoreEssay on Photography in Advertising and its Effects on Society3730 Words   |  15 PagesAlthough image certainly is not the only component of memory, it is undoubtedly an integral and essential part of memory’s composition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Photography was first utilized over 100 years ago in an attempt to preserve life as it existed before the industrial revolution. Over time photography has gradually corrupted memory in a variety of ways, despite its original intention to preserve it. From there, photography has evolved to become a pressing threat not only to memory, but also to consciousnessRead MorePhotography in Advertising and Its Effects on Society3789 Words   |  16 PagesAlthough image certainly is not the only component of memory, it is undoubtedly an integral and essential part of memorys composition. Photography was first utilized over 100 years ago in an attempt to preserve life as it existed before the industrial revolution. Over time photography has gradually corrupted memory in a variety of ways, despite its original intention to preserve it. From there, photography has evolved to become a pressing threat not only to memory, but also to consciousnessRead MoreDecision Theory: a Brief Introduction28334 Words   |  114 Pages..................................................17 3.5 Using preferences in decision-making.........................................19 3.6 Numerical representation .............................................................20 3.7 Using utilities in decision-making ...............................................21 4. The standard representation of individual decisions ................................23 4.1 Alternatives ..........................................................................Read MoreThe Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinb eck4043 Words   |  17 PagesSet in the swallowing depression of the 1920’s, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck provides a hallowing, realistic view into the plight of the proletariat farmer and the exploitation that was all too common during the Great Depression by major corporations. 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Consequently, the greater majority of the community are foreign born, at approximately 70%. This starkly contrasts with the greater Canadian population who comprise of only 18% foreign born citizens. Nevertheless, statistics Canada indicates that most Vietnamese-Canadians can carry a conversation in one or both of Canadas official languages. Although speaking an official language has helped the sub-culture assimilateRead MoreLove, Sex and Gender in the World Religions Essay4945 Words   |  20 Pagesspurred by the first meeting of the Parliament of the World Religions in Chicago in 1893. And while the proselytizing traditions of Christianity and Islam had already become prominent as they spread globally from their inception, after the 1940s the Holocaust and the eventua l establishment of a Jewish state brought new worldwide attention and increased global acceptance of Judaism. Many of these great religions had come in contact before this time and even grown up side by side, but a truly global presenceRead MoreCamp David - Case Study6041 Words   |  25 Pagesfought over two major issues: control over Palestine and the existence of a Jewish state within the Muslim Arab world. The Jewish call for a homeland to protect them from persecution began in the 1880s, and continued with increased fervor after the Holocaust. In 1948, Israel came into being when the UN divided what had been the British protectorate of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states. Fighting broke out immediately, and by 1949 there was no Arab Palestinian state at all. Israel controlled all of

Clear Lake Essay Example For Students

Clear Lake Essay I looked ahead of myself, letting my feet do the work, for a moment. The trail seemed so distant and lengthy in front of me. The blue sky filled with scattered puffy, white like cotton clouds. The long grasses tickled at my legs, which were covered with nothing more than my shorts. My boyfriend and I were on our annual hike to Clear Lake. An obviously attractive name for a beautiful body of water. Clear Lake was an icy cold from the glacier run off but after a 2 day hike up a mountain ridge it always seemed enjoyable and refreshing. The lake itself was surrounded by magnificently smooth boulders, which I was told, became so soft to touch from glaciers. The water was undeniably clear and inviting, covered by small pebbles at the bottom and little ripples on the surface. On one side of the small,clear lake was a discreet beach away from the trail. But the lake itself was very discreet at the most people I would ever see is maybe 1 or 2 in a day. Todd, my boyfriend, and I lay on the beach the years before in each others arms. Watching as insects passed over our heads and the world turned while the cotton clouds moved from left to right. It surprises me that we are up here so soon considering the nightmare we experienced the previous year. I sighed and dared to reach back into my head and pull out the dreaded memories I had tried to neglect. The night was young but Todd and I had been hiking all day. Our feet ached along with many other body parts. We built a fire and were up past the lake because we decided to explore a little bit further up, considering we both had some extra days off of work. The winter had been a cold one and there seemed to be little snow melting because the lake appeared low. I felt a chill descend through my body and my hair stuck straight up out of every hair follicle in my body. Leaning back, I took notice to the moon and saw how crisp and serene the mountain sky was. I always loved looking at stars when I went camping, there are so many more to see to the naked eye. The milky way was so easy to see, it looked as though someone had accidentally spilt glitter on a piece of black construction paper. Just a long cluster of silver glitter strewn across the sky. Its hard to believe there are more stars in the sky, than pieces of sand on the earth. I grew up in the city and you can never see many star s at all when all the lights light up the sky. Todd reached over and touched my straight brown hair then brushed his cold hand along my neck, a romantic move on his part. He never seemed to try very hard to be romantic or even unpredictable, for that sake. This annual hike was our romantic get-away. We both worked long weeks and never find too much time for each other. The crickets made their unique, menacing sound which bellowed throughout the quiet scenery. Hun, I think Im pretty tired. I let myself be heard. Well, you think you are or you are? he said flirtatiously. I want to go to sleep. Do you? I didnt really feel like playing games. No, Im gonna just stay up all by myself, oh and the crickets. Dont worry about me and my needs. Im just fine. He teased in a sarcastic tone. I couldnt stand the thought of going to sleep and our conversation ending like that. .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911 , .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911 .postImageUrl , .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911 , .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911:hover , .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911:visited , .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911:active { border:0!important; } .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911:active , .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911 .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6df556491de017f1e76a43987a71e911:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kuwait Red Crescent Society and Zero Sum budgeting EssayIm too tired, come join me in a little while. I never let myself go to sleep when something ends on a negative tone or if someone is unhappy with someone else. I always think if something bad were to happen to them or I it would end on a bad note. I absolutely cant stand that ides. OK, he said, but dont think your getting away that easily. Well stay up tomorrow night. Alrighty? with that flirtatious tone once again. Yeah, babe. I knelt down and searched with my hands for

Effects of Death Sentence on Innocent People- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEffects of Death Sentence on Society and Innocent People. Answer: Death penalty is a government sanctioned practice by putting people to death as a punishment for a crime that they have committed. The sentence is called death sentence while the real act itself is known as execution. Crimes that call for death sentences are capital crimes that are seen as being so great to the extent that only death can be a worthy penalty(Schabas, 2002). Arguments have been labelled against the effects of death sentence on the society. The criminal justice system is supposed to protect the society and thus this means that individual life should be protected. Robinson (2011) suggests that death penalty handed to individuals has different effects on the social life of individuals. It has been argued that the risks and effects associated with this penalty vary from society to society, family to family and individual to individual. This essay analyses the effects of death penalty on the society by analyzing how it affects the innocent. Arguments against death sentence have been pointed on the need to protect and promote a culture of life. From the social point of view and the biblical view, life is sacred and thus no individual should be allowed to take another personal life. Many countries have abolished death sentence systems because of pressure from human right groups that seek to protect life(Donohue, 2009). Christian teachings on the common good suggest that each individual should pursue the good for everyone and that of society. According to Kennedy-Kollar Mandery (2010) when states carry out death sentences on individuals, resources that are used are from the tax payer. Death sentence is thus a lethal alternative of treating violence for violence. When individuals lives are ended by the state, the question asked is how the society benefits from the death of such criminals. The role of the law is act as an intermediary between individuals in the society by reducing chaos and maintaining law and order. This means that the law needs to be in pursuit of the common good for both the criminal and the person that has been offended. This means that the law needs to protect the sanctity of life and protect individuals life from being taken away by the state or any other element (Dezhbakhsh Shepherd, 2006). There are people who are willing and ready to lose their lives since they can do any crime without considering the punishment that they may get. This means that they can do certain crimes while expecting the same punishment from the state. Rehabilitation is used to change individual lives and give offenders a second chance to change their lives. When death penalty is handed to an individual, the opportunity for such individual to change and be better persons is not given to them. Such individuals can be worse if they get another chance to interact with the society (Onyango, 2015). They can carry out larger crimes like killing, raping and torturing others. The need to determine the cause that drives such individual to carry out these crimes is denied to the society. When offenders are killed the society loses the opportunity to understand the reasons behind such offences. Research has shown that there are factors like genes and bad childhood that can drive individuals to commit capital offences. Capital offenders need to be protected so that the society can learn from their mistakes and put strategies in place for correcting them. Studies have indicated that death sentence does not reduce crime in society but rather may increase crime and make criminals more hardened. Studies that have been carried out in the US have shown that states which have abolished capital punishment have reported lower rates of capital crimes while those that have resumed this punishment have reported increased offences. This means that capital punishment is a burden to the society since it does not prevent such behaviour within the society. Some criminals who commit such offences do not realize the burden of their mistakes and the punishment that they can get. This is because such individuals do not value life and thus need to be rehabilitated and helped to appreciate life. This because death sentences end wrong messages to the public that increase homicide rather than reducing it. On the other hand, the justice system is not perfect and may incriminate innocent people for wrongs that they did not do. Corruption, biases and discrimination can lead to incriminating innocent people for punishment. Muller (2016) argues that when such sentences are handed to these people, then they will be suffering a punishment that they do not deserve. This makes families of innocent individuals to suffer as they witness the execution of their family members. When the family discovers that their keen is innocent and they have been wrongly executed, this burden causes a lot of trauma that may never end(Eberhardt, Davies, Purdie-Vaughns, Johnson, 2006). The pain of losing a loved one through execution is heavier than forgiving them for the crime that they have committed. Many people who have been on death have been set free because new evidence has exonerated them. The reason why death sentences are delayed is the fact that the criminal justice system understands the gaps that may exist in evidence and thus the need to protect human life. Although death sentence is part of the law that is used to protect the public, it fails to protect offenders and at the same time consider the effects on the society. Death sentence does not have any effect on crimes nor does it make offenders to fear punishment. Utilitarian theorists oppose punishments that make individuals pay for the crimes that they have committed. They argue that the law needs to produce the best judgment by allowing individual to change through preventing future crimes(Kennedy-Kollar Mandery, 2010). This means that capital punishment is not the best option since it affects both the society and innocent people. The reason for capital punishment is to cause fear and prevent future crimes. However, this has not been the case since crimes have never stopped. The way is to teach the society to uphold the rule of law and respect the value of life. References Dezhbakhsh, H., Shepherd., J. M. (2006). The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: Evidence from a Judicial Experiment. Economic Inquiry, 44, 512-535. Donohue, J. J. (2009). Estimating the Impact of the Death Penalty on Murder. American Law and Economics Review, 2(2), 249-308. Eberhardt, J. L., Davies, P. G., Purdie-Vaughns, V. J., Johnson, S. L. (2006). Looking Deathworthy: Perceived Stereotypicality of Black Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes. Psychological Science, 17(5), 383386. Kennedy-Kollar, D., Mandery, E. (2010). Testing the Marshall hypothesis and its antithesis: The effect of biased information on death-penalty option. Criminal Justice Studies, 23(1), 65-83. Muller, R. (2016). Death Penalty May Not Bring Peace to Victims' Families,. Journal of Law Reform, 49(4). Onyango, O. J. (2015). The capital offenders punishment and death sentence dilemma in Kenya. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 4(9), 95-98. Robinson, M. (2011). Is Capital Punishment Just? Assessing the Death Penalty Using Justice Theory. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology, 3(2), 27-66. Schabas, W. (2002). The Abolition of the Death Penalty in International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.